Background: The study aimed to measure canine thyroid-stimulating hormone (cTSH) levels and their relationship with total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4) and free thyroxine (fT4) in healthy and hypothyroid dogs. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The study involved 77 dogs, with 67 healthy and 10 hypothyroid. The serum concentration of cTSH was measured using a canine-specific TSH-ELISA kit, while TT3, TT4&nbsp;and fT4&nbsp;were measured using RIA kits. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The Mean serum concentration of cTSH, TT3, TT4&nbsp;and fT4&nbsp;in healthy dogs was 2.03&plusmn;0.01 &micro;IU/ml, 0.85&plusmn;0.04 nmol/l, 20.81&plusmn;0.79 nmol/l and 12.59&plusmn;0.35 pmol/l, respectively. Mean cTSH, TT3, TT4&nbsp;and fT4, concentration of hypothyroid dogs was found to be 2.16&plusmn;0.03 &micro;IU/ml, 0.93&plusmn;0.07 nmol/l, 9.01&plusmn;0.69 nmol/l and 5.87&plusmn;0.82 pmol/l, respectively. Interquartile range (i.e. 25th&nbsp;to 75th&nbsp;percentile) for thyroid hormone (cTSH, TT3, TT4&nbsp;and fT4) in healthy dogs (n = 67) were 1.96-2.11 &micro;IU/ml, 0.64-0.96 nmol/l, 16.73-25.00 nmol/l and 11.00-14.40 pmol/l, respectively and for hypothyroid dogs (n = 10) were 2.09-2.22 &micro;IU/ml, 0.73-1.12 nmol/l, 7.50-10.29 nmol/l and 4.35-7.45 pmol/l, respectively.&nbsp; A significant difference (P&lt;0.05) was recorded in healthy and hypothyroid dogs in cTSH, TT4&nbsp;and fT4. 
&nbsp;

Studies on Canine Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (cTSH), Total Triiodothyronine (TT3), Total Thyroxine (TT4) and Free Thyroxine (fT4) in Healthy and Hypothyroid Dogs

<div>This study aims to investigate the effects of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) from Urechis unicinctus on the P2Y12 receptor signaling pathway in rat platelets. The concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) in rat platelets were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The phosphorylation levels of protein kinase A (PKA) and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) in rat platelets were detected through Western blot. The expression of P2Y12 gene in rat platelets was analyzed via real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and reverse-transcription PCR. It was observed that GAG significantly increased the cAMP content (p &lt; 0.05, p &lt; 0.01) and decreased the TXB2 and GPIIb/IIIa concentrations (p &lt; 0.05, p &lt; 0.01) in rat platelets. GAG significantly enhanced the phosphorylation levels of PKA and VASP in rat platelets (p &lt; 0.01) and had a synergistic effect with the P2Y12 receptor blocker. GAG significantly reduced the expression level of P2Y12 gene in rat platelets (p &lt; 0.01). We speculated that GAG from U. unicinctus inhibited platelet aggregation in rats through the P2Y12 receptor signaling pathway.</div>

<div>Effects of Glycosaminoglycan from Urechis Unicinctus on the P2Y12 Receptor Signaling Pathway in Rat Platelets</div>

<div>Background: The Tribal Sub-Plan (1974-79) targets tribal welfare through focused planning and resource use. Despite Odisha&rsquo;s 22.85% tribal population, outcomes remain poor. This paper highlights key implementation gaps-weak coordination, fund mismanagement, low participation and poor monitoring-and suggests reforms to enhance TSP effectiveness. 
 
Methods: This study used an ex-post facto design to assess Tribal Sub-plan (TSP) implementation challenges in Odisha, focusing on agricultural constraints among tribal farmers. Kendujhar and Rayagada were purposively selected for their high tribal populations. Stratified random sampling ensured representation of diverse tribal subgroups. Primary data were collected through structured interviews and FGDs with selected beneficiaries, while secondary data from official reports supplemented field findings. Constraints were ranked by respondents and converted into percent positions using the formula: Per cent Position = 100 (Rij -0.5)/Nj, then into scores via Garrett&rsquo;s Ranking Table. Average scores determined the severity of each constraint, enabling objective prioritization and informed recommendations to strengthen TSP in tribal agriculture. 
 
Result: The study identified key constraints across eight dimensions of rural development using Garrett&rsquo;s ranking technique. Among planning-related issues, improper situational analysis (mean score: 71.84) was a major challenge. In the economic domain, untimely release of sanctioned funds (74.05) and insufficient self-employment opportunities (68.13) ranked highest. In extension services, immediate field-level support (67.86) and incorrect field diagnostics (77.99) were key limitations. The most critical socio-psychological limitation was entrenched traditional value systems (78.17), a measure of resistance to change in behavior. Other limitations were poor technological adaptation, poor monitoring mechanisms and weak infrastructure. The results highlight the importance of participatory planning, timely finance, responsive extension systems and situation-specific technologies in reinforcing rural development outcomes.</div>

Unveiling the Bottlenecks: A Critical Study of Tribal Sub-plan Implementation in Odisha

<div>Background: An understanding the mungbean mutant lines with the check varieties can help in identifying mutants in better adoption. The present experiment was conducted to assess the genetic variation and morpho-metric characteristics of mungbean mutants in M4 and M5 generation.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A set of 7 M3 progenies along with parent Pratap and 5 check was evaluated for M4 and M5 generation using randomized complete block design with three replications during kharif 2018 and summer 2019 in the experimental area of Instructional cum Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam. 
 
Result: Significant differences were observed for most of the traits in both M4 and M5 generation. High heritability estimate coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was documented for numbers of branches per plant, pods per plant, percentage of disease incidence, 100 seeds weight and seed yield per plant in both the generation indicate the pre-ponderance of additive gene action. Seed yield per plant was found to be significantly and positively correlated with numbers of pods per cluster, seeds per pod, pod length and 100 seeds weight at genotypic and phenotypic level in both M4 and M5 generation. The traits 100 seeds weight and branches per plant had showed positive direct effect on seed yield in both the generations; hence these two traits might be most effective for selection of higher yield mutants in mung bean.</div>

Characterization of Mungbean Mutants [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] in M4 and M5 Generations

<div>Background: Among enterobacteria E. coli and Klebsiella spp. are of great concern in health care settings, as these bacteria sometimes may contaminate the milk due to unhygienic practices and poor udder condition which have been associated with various illnesses. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the carbapenem resistant E. coli and Klebsiella spp. of bovine milk origin with regard to the risk of human transfer via the food chain in community. 
 
Methods: Total 240 samples were collected from Ayodhya and Sultanpur districts of Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh (India). Confirmation of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates was done by using species specific uidA and 16S rRNA gene, respectively. Then, carbapenemase positive E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were confirmend by DDST, MBL E-strip test and PCR analysis by targeting (bla-NDM, bla-OXA-48 and bla-KPC). Antibiogram of all carbapenemase positive isolates was performed against 20 antibiotics of 12 different classes. 
 
Result: In the present study, total 74(30.83%) isolates were identified including 55(22.92%) E. coli and 19(7.92%) Klebsiella spp. by PCR, out of which 12(16.21%) isolates were confirmed as carbapenemase producers comprising 7(12.72%) E. coli and 5(26.31%) Klebsiella spp by DDST and E-strip. All carbapenemase positive E. coli were found 100% sensitive to polymyxin-B and chloramphenicol, while all Klebsiella spp. were 100% sensitive to amikacin and polymyxin-B. Resistance against imipenem, meropenem, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftriazone, aztreonam and ampicillin ranged between 80.0%-100%. All carbapenemase positive isolates were found multidrug resistant. Carbapenemase genes bla-NDM and bla-KPC were detected in E. coli while bla-OXA-48 and bla-KPC were detected in Klebsiella spp.</div>

​Detection of Carbapenemase Genes (bla-NDM, bla-KPC, bla-OXA-48) in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species, Isolated from Milk Samples of Bovine in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh

<div>Background: Induction of mutation plays an important role in the breeding programme among modern methods of plant breeding. Genetic variability is prerequisite for crop improvement and through induced mutation it was found to be very effective for creating variability in the quantitative and qualitative characters. Hence, the present study was aimed to induce genetic variability within short time. In the present investigation positive as well as negative impact on quantitative traits were recorded. 
 
Methods: The experiment material comprised of seeds of horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc] variety Paiyur 2 which was subjected to ethyl methane sulphonate (02, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5%), gamma radiation (100, 200, 300 and 400 Gy) and combination treatments. The mutations affecting gross morphological changes in growth and yield characters such as plant habit, flowering, pod morphology, maturity and seed yield were scored as quantitative characters. The micro mutations at population level can be easily detected in the form of increased variations for quantitative traits in the segregation of mutagen treated populations. Micro mutations can alter morpho-physiological characters hence they are of a particular interest to the plant breeders. ANOVA test was performed to determine the significant differences and duncan&rsquo;s multiple range test (p=0.05) to compare the differences among treatment means.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Among the twenty-five treatments studied both the mutagens, gamma radiations and Ethyl Methane Sulphonate proved to be very effective to induce variability in quantitative traits in M2 and M3 generations. The results of Duncan&rsquo;s multiple range test analysis revealed that the treatment of mutagens in combinations induced more positive effects as compared to that of using alone. The combined treatments were found positive for improvement of primary branches per plant, no. of pods per plant, pod length, no. of seeds/pod and seed yield per plant in M2 and M3 generations whereas the treatment of gamma irradiation imparted its significant role for improvement of plant height, days required for 50% flowering, days to maturity and 1000 seed weight in both M2 and M3 generations whereas the treatment with Ethyl Methane Sulphonate is useful for improving no. of pods per plant and no. of seeds/pod in M2 generation alone.</div>

Studies on Effect of Mutagens on Quantitative Characters in M2 and M3 Generation of Horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc]

Alkalinity is one of the main limiting factors of seed germination in alkaline soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Na2CO3 levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mM) on seed germination, seed reserve utilization and seedling vigour of three local bitter vetch cultivars (Buinzahra, Shahreza and Tarom). The results indicated that increasing Na2CO3 concentrations caused a decrease in germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), seedling length, seedling dry weight (SLDW) and seed reserve utilization efficiency (SRUE). The rate of reduction in shoot length in comparison with the control in different concentrations of Na2CO3 was detected from Buinzahra as 30-92%, Shahreza 39-97% and Tarom 13-83%. Decrease in root length was more than shoot length in all the cultivars at each Na2CO3 level, as compared to the control. The weight of mobilized seed reserve (WMSR) and seed reserve depletion percentage (SRDP) decreased with increasing Na2CO3 levels up to 10 mM in Buinzahra and Tarom cultivars and up to 15 mM in Shahreza. WMSR and SRDP then rapidly raised with higher alkalinity levels. These results suggest that reduction of seed germination and decline in seedling dry weight in response to alkalinity stress is a consequence of decline in seed reserve utilization efficiency. 
&nbsp;

Effects of Na2CO3 on seed germination, seed reserve utilization&nbsp;and seedling growth in bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia L.)

Background: The pulse known as &ldquo;Blackgram&rdquo; is a significant component of the Indian diet since it provides vegetable protein and balances the diet centered on cereals. Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) outbreaks on a regular basis completely destroy crops, causing farmers to suffer enormous losses. Mutation breeding can be an effective strategy for developing crops with desirable traits, such as high yield and resistance to diseases like the Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) in blackgram. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: This experiment was laid out to study the variability pattern of mutant population in M4&nbsp;and M5&nbsp;generation of blackgram variety CO 6 treated with the Gamma rays at 200 Gy, 300 Gy and 400Gy and isolation of viable mutants for Mungbean Yellow Mosaic virus resistance. Significant variability was observed among the different treatments in M4 generation and twenty MYMV resistant mutants ((PKT-BG-200Gy-P07; PKT-BG-200Gy-P24; PKT-BG-200Gy-P29; PKT-BG-200Gy-P35; PKT-BG-200Gy-P36; PKT-BG-200Gy-P45; PKT-BG-300Gy-P13; PKT-BG-300Gy-P16; PKT-BG-300Gy-P28;&nbsp; PKT-BG-300Gy-P33; PKT-BG-300Gy-P41; PKT-BG-300Gy-P4; PKT-BG-300Gy-P43; PKT-BG-300Gy-P76; PKT-BG-300Gy-P81; PKT-BG-300Gy-P88; PKT-BG-300Gy-P93; PKT-BG-400Gy-P15; PKT-BG-400Gy-P21; PKT-BG-400Gy-P23)&nbsp; were selected and evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications under natural conditions.&nbsp; Scoring was done by the modified scale of All India Coordinated Research Project on MuLLaRP. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Incidence ranged from scale 0.01 (PKT-BG-300Gy-P41and PKT-BG-300Gy-P42) to 5.30 (PKT-BG-300Gy-P28). The mutants PKT-BG-300Gy-P41 and PKT-BG-300Gy-P42 recorded with maximum yield of 1500 kg/ha and 1445kg/ha were found to be observed as high yielding and MYMV resistant lines for summer season&nbsp; in the Cauvery delta region.

Evaluation and Isolation of Mungbean Yellow Mosai Virus Resistant Mutants in M4 and M5 Mutant Generations of Blackgram (Vigna mungo)

Background: Butter beans (Phaselous lunatus L) belong to the family Leguminaceae, is one of the oldest cool season food legume crops. A throughout knowledge of existing genetic variation among yield and its yield component traits is essential for developing high yielding varieties in butter bean. Realizing the importance of genetic diversity and variability in key economic characters, the present investigation had been planned to assess the genetic diversity and variability in for yield improvement in butter bean breeding programme. 
 
Methods: Investigation was carried at Horticultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu during 2019-2021. A total of 2734 M2 mutant lines were evaluated as individual progenies in the previous study. Stringent selection was made based on yield, earliness and plant habit and a total of 35 mutant lines were identified and forwarded to M3 and a total of 12 mutant lines for M4 generations in present study. The data on elevan quantitative were analyzed using Mahalanobis D2 statistic. 
 
Result: The present study has assessed the genetic variation among studied traits of butter bean mutants for yield and its component traits. Thus, a total of five mutant lines namely BBMG-7-9-7, BBMG-9-10-6, BBMG-18-9-6, BBMG-25-13-3, BBMG-35-7-2 were identified to be forward to the M5 generation as promising mutant lines for developing high yielding varieties and to test its homogeneity and stability.

Genetic Variability and Diversity for Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in M3 and M4 Generations of Butter Bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.)

Background: Mutation breeding is one of the important techniques for creating genetic variability and developing improved crop varieties with desirable traits. Chemical mutagens such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), sodium azide (NaN3), colchicine and organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) have been frequently used in plant mutation breeding programs. However, the combined effects of multiple chemical mutagens and their treatment durations on plant germination, growth and development are not well understood. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: This study investigated the combined effects of chemical mutagens comprising of EMS, Sodium azide, colchicine and DMSO on the germination of five commercial rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids in the M1 generation. Seeds were treated in the mutagen solution for varying durations ranging from 4 to 24 hours. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Significant differences were observed in germination rates among the hybrids and across treatment durations. The highest germination rate of 3.08% was observed in Arize 6444 Gold with a 4-hour treatment, while the lowest rate of 0.17% was recorded in Srichakra 1168 with a 24-hour treatment. Overall, germination rates decreased with increasing treatment duration, likely due to the cumulative mutagenic effects and DNA damage. Srichakra 1168 exhibited the highest tolerance to the mutagen mix, while DPS-Virat was the most sensitive. Despite the low germination rates, the surviving M1 plants may harbor a range of desirable and undesirable mutations, presenting opportunities for identifying valuable mutants with improved traits in subsequent generations. This study highlights the importance of optimizing mutagen combinations and treatment conditions to balance the induction of genetic variability with the maintenance of seed viability in mutation breeding programs for rice improvement.

Combined Effect of Multiple Chemical Mutagens and Treatment Duration on the Germination of Rice Hybrids in M1F1 Generation

Studies on Canine Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (cTSH), Total Triiodothyronine (TT₃), Total Thyroxine (TT₄) and Free Thyroxine (fT₄) in Healthy and Hypothyroid Dogs

Effects of Glycosaminoglycan from Urechis Unicinctus on the P₂Y₁₂ Receptor Signaling Pathway in Rat Platelets

Unveiling the Bottlenecks: A Critical Study of Tribal Sub-plan Implementation in Odisha

Characterization of Mungbean Mutants [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] in M₄ and M₅Generations

Detection of Carbapenemase Genes (bla_-NDM, bla_-KPC, bla_-OXA-48) in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species, Isolated from Milk Samples of Bovine in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh

Studies on Effect of Mutagens on Quantitative Characters in M₂ and M₃ Generation of Horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc]

Effects of Na₂CO₃ on seed germination, seed reserve utilization and seedling growth in bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia L.)

Evaluation and Isolation of Mungbean Yellow Mosai Virus Resistant Mutants in M₄and M₅ Mutant Generations of Blackgram (Vigna mungo)

Genetic Variability and Diversity for Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in M₃ and M₄ Generations of Butter Bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.)

Combined Effect of Multiple Chemical Mutagens and Treatment Duration on the Germination of Rice Hybrids in M₁F₁Generation