Background: To work out the residual effect of rice residue, FYM and fertilizers on summer moong (Vigna radiate L.) in Rice-potato-summer moong cropping system. 
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Methods: The present study was carried out at Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with two factors. Factor A contains&nbsp; five nutrient management treatments in potato (Rice residue+ 125 % NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM, Rice residue + 100%&nbsp; NPK + 25 tha-1&nbsp;FYM, Rice residue+ 75 % NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM, Rice residue + 125% NPK + 0 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM and Without rice residue + 100% NPK+ 50 tha-1&nbsp;FYM) and factor B contains three&nbsp; nitrogen levels in&nbsp; summer moong&nbsp; (0 kg ha-1&nbsp;N, 6.25 kg ha-1&nbsp;N and 12.5 kg ha-1&nbsp;N ). 
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Result: The plant height, branches, dry matter accumulation, LAI and chlorophyll content index were significantly affected with the treatments applied to preceding potato crop. The application of rice residue+ 125% NPK + 25 tha-1&nbsp;FYM to potato crop resulted significantly higher plant height, branches, dry matter accumulation, LAI and chlorophyll content index of moong crop as compared to rice residue+ 75% NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM and rice residue+ 125% NPK + 0 tha-1&nbsp;FYM while at par to rice residue+ 100% NPK + 25 tha-1&nbsp;FYM and without rice residue + 100 % NPK+ 50 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM. The significantly higher biometric parameters were observed with 12.5 kg ha-1&nbsp;N which was significantly higher than the 0 and 6.25 5 kg ha-1 N. The application of rice residue+ 125% NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM to potato crop resulted significantly higher yield and yield attributing characters as compared to rice residue+ 75% NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM and rice residue+ 125% NPK + 0 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM while at par to rice residue+ 100% NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM and without rice residue + 100% NPK 50 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM. The application of higher dose of nitrogen @ 12 kg ha-1&nbsp;also significantly increased the yield and yield attributing characters as compared to lower doses of summer moong. The nutrients uptake ( N,P and K) was also maximum with rice residue+ 125% NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM which was at par to rice residue+ 100% NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM and without rice residue + 100% NPK+ 50 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM while significantly higher than other treatment. The application of higher dose of nitrogen @ 12 kg ha-1&nbsp;in summer moong also significantly increased the nutrient uptake and protein content as compared to lower doses.

Residual Effect of Rice Residue, Fym and Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Summer Moong (Vigna radiata L.) in Rice-Potato-Summer Moong Cropping System

Background: One of the main reasons for India&rsquo;s decreased food production is the depletion of soil fertility. The primary causes of soil deterioration are lack of awareness among farmers and lack of land use regulations. By limiting the erosion and enhancing the nutrients available to the crops, conservation agriculture increases the organic matter content of the soil and contributes to the improvement of field conditions. But compared to conventional agriculture, the practise of conservation agriculture is less advanced. And also there is a dearth of research on the use of crop residues for the management of soil fertility. So this study was undertaken in order to examine the impacts of crop residue, inorganic fertilizers and cropping system as a component of an integrated crop residues and fertility management system on nutrient uptake and net returns of greengram. 
 
Methods: The experiment consists of strip plot design and was carried out during 2020-21 and 2021-22 under zero till conditions at college farm, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU to study the effect of previous crop residues and fertility levels on succeeding greengram.&nbsp; 
 
Result: According to the data, greengram absorbed more nutrients at various growing stages. The residual effect of incorporation of residues treated with microbial consortia composed of Trichoderma viridae, Aspergillus awamori and Phanerocheate spp. along with 300:100:100 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O (125% RDF) and phosphorous supplied in the form of single super phosphate (SSP) resulted in significantly higher financial returns. In greengram, residue incorporated plots outperformed residue burning, removal and retention plots with 125% RDF in terms of nutrient uptake, as well as monetary returns like gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio. In a similar vein, yield in residue-incorporated plots was higher than it was in residue-removal and in-situ burning plots during summer, 2021 and 2022.

Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Summer Greengram as Influenced by Residual Effect of Paddy Residues and Fertility Levels

Background: Farmers&rsquo; conventional tillage and residue removal practices in rice-maize-greengram systems in India are input-intensive, costly and soil degradative. A number of soil quality issues have emerged due to continuous cropping and burning of residues threatening the sustainability of rice based cropping systems for the last more than four decades. Nevertheless, the in-situ or in-field decomposition of crop residue using microbial inoculum is rarely studied. This necessitated the use of microbial consortia developed by a combination of potent strains of fungi which can perform harmoniously for rapid decomposition of crop residues. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted during 2020-21 and 2021-22 with eight residue-management treatments and three fertility levels to zero till maize at college farm, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU using strip plot design and the residual effect on the succeeding greengram was studied. 
 
Result: Greengram growth and yield were significantly higher under residual effect of incorporation of residues treated with microbial consortia consisting of Trichoderma viridae, Aspergillus awamori and Phanerocheate spp. along with 300:100:100 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O (125% RDF) and P supplied in the form of single super phosphate (SSP) under zero tillage during summer, 2021 and 2022. Growth parameters like plant height, leaf area index, dry matter production and yield attributes like number of pods plant-1, pod length and number of seeds pod-1 in greengram were higher under residue incorporated plots compared to residue burning, removal and retention plots with 125% RDF.

Residual Effects of Microbial Treated Paddy Residues Applied to Zero Till Maize on Growth and Yield of Summer Greengram

Background: Agricultural crop diversification is an important stress relieving option for economic growth of the farming community. Integration of pulses in crop rotation helps in&nbsp;sustainability enhancing overall productivity and profitability of&nbsp;the cropping system. Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the important pulse crop of Manipur grown in the cool season. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The Present investigation was carried out at Central Agricultural University, Imphal during the kharif and rabi season of 2021-22 and 2022-23. The kharif rice experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 8 treatments as main plot replicated three times. During rabi season each main plot treatment was split into three sub plot treatments with three levels of recommended dose of fertilizers to broad bean resulting in twenty four treatment combinations replicated three times in split plot design. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Residual effect of 100% RDF + Azolla + Azospirillum + Neem powder (N5) applied to previous kharif rice crop recorded significantly higher yield attributes, seed and stover yields and economic of&nbsp;&nbsp; broad bean. Among the levels of RDF directly applied to rabi broad bean, application of 100% RDF (F2) resulted in higher values of yield attributes, seed and stover yields and economic of broad bean.

Effect of Different Levels of Fertilizer and Residual Effect of INM on Yields and Economic of Broad bean under Black Aromatic Rice-Broad bean Cropping Sequence

<div>Background: Inclusion of high value vegetable crops like onion and potato in soybean based crop sequence may help to improve the productivity and profitability on sustainable basis. Nutrient management and cropping sequence are two important factors which affect productivity and profitability of crop. As such, information on soybean followed by onion and potato is lacking and it will be very useful for exploring the productivity and profitability of soybean followed by high value vegetable crop sequence.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The data pertaining to growth characteristics, yield characteristics, gross monetary returns and net monetary returns of Soybean (kharif) and Onion or Potato (rabi) was collected at regular interval in 2017-18, 2018-19 at Agronomy Farm, Dr. PDKV, Akola which was analyzed statistically in RBD (Randomized Block Design) and SPD (Split Plot Design).</div>

<div>&nbsp;</div>

<div>Result: S1- soybean-onion recorded more production efficiency than S2- soybean-potato. S1- soybean-onion reported greater economic efficiency than S2- soybean-potato. Soybean crop supplied with IN3 (100% RDN applied with FYM@ 5 t per ha and biofertilizer) registered highest production efficiency and economic efficiency than IN1 ( 50% RDN applied with FYM5 t per ha and biofertilizer) to soybean and found at par with IN2 (75% RDN applied with FYM5 t per ha and biofertilizer) to soybean. Rabi crop (onion/potato) supplied with F3&nbsp; (125% RDF) level registered significantly greater production and economic efficiency than lower levels of recommended dose nutrient.</div>

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management Levels on Soybean and its Residual Effect on Production Efficiency and Economic Efficiency under Soybean-Onion and Soybean-Potato Cropping System

<div style="text-align: justify;">Field experiments were carried out at Mountain Livestock Research Institute (MLRI), Manasbal, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Kashmir, India to study the direct and residual effect of different rates of organic and chemical sources of nutrients on fodder sorghum-fodder oat cropping sequence during Kharif 2008, 2009 and rabi 2008-09, 2009-10. Application of FYM @ 25tonnes recorded &nbsp;higher green fodder yield of sorghum than rest of treatments. The physical optimum dose of direct+residual effect of FYM on fodder sorghum-fodder oat sequence was 25.49 t ha-1 and economic optimum dose 12.63 t ha-1. Applying 120, 80 and 30 (N, P2O5, K2O kg ha-1) &nbsp;was found superior in green fodder yield than rest of treatments. However, physical optimum dose due to direct +residual effect of N, P2O5 and K2O on fodder sorghum-fodder oat was 134.19 , 67.07 &nbsp;and 33.54 kg ha-1 &nbsp;and mean total economic optimum dose was found to be 128.0, 64.19 and 32.62 NPK kg ha-1 &nbsp;respectively.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Direct and residual effect of organic and chemical sources of nutrients on fodder sorghum-fodder oat cropping sequence</div>

Background: Inclusion of legume crops in multiple cropping systems has become crucial to increase the sustainability of agroecosystems. Short duration mung bean can be easily fitted into many cropping sequences which also turns the farming highly remunerative along with strengthening the sustainability. The current study was aimed to evaluate residual effect of nutrient management on performance of summer mung bean in a gobhi sarson - summer mung bean sequence.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: During the period of 2016-17 and 2017-18 different doses of chemical fertilizers (NPK), combination of FYM with chemical fertilizers and different biofertilizers alone as well as their combination were evaluated to find out their residual effect on summer mung bean grown after the gobhi sarson crop. The data on growth parameters, yield attributes viz; plant height, dry matter accumulation, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100- seed weight were collected. The seed and biological yield from different treatments was also evaluated.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: All growth parameters, yield attributes, seed and biological yield of summer mung bean were affected significantly with chemical fertilizers, their combined application with FYM treatments as well as different biofertilizers treatments applied to preceding gobhi sarson. Growth and yield significantly improved with each incremental dose of chemical fertilizers i.e. from 0 to 50% RDF, 50 to 75% RDF, 75 to 100% RDF while 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 being the best treatment. The treatment with consortium showed significantly maximum yield and growth parameters followed by combined application of Azotobacter + PSB, PSB alone, Azotobacter alone and no inoculation treatments, respectively.

Residual Effects of Chemical Fertilizers, Organic Manure and Biofertilizers Applied to Preceding Gobhi sarson Crop on Summer Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)

<div style="text-align: justify;">Field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2010 and 2011, to assess the residual influence of organic manures and micro nutrients applied to potato on growth and yield of succeeding green gram in an organic cropping system, under alluvial soil. The different sources of organic and micronutrients were integrated into 8 possible treatments viz. &nbsp;recommended dose of fertilizer-RDF (NPK @ 200 :150 :150 kg ha-1) , 50% of RDF + well decomposed FYM @ 10t ha-1, 50% of RDF + Neemcake @ 0.5t ha-1,RDF+ Zinc sulphate @ 20kg ha-1 as soil application, RDF + ammonium molybdate @ 1kg ha-1 as soil application, RDF + Sodium tetraborate @ 1kg ha-1 as soil application, RDF + Tuber soaking with 40g zinc sulphate + 10g ammonium molybdate &nbsp;+ 10g sodium tetraborate, RDF + foliar spray of 1% KNO3 salt. After harvesting the main crop, green gram was raised as a residual crop on the same field without any alternation. During both the years of investigation, all the growth and yield attributes, yield (seed as well as haulm), of green gram were at their best with the residual effect of organic manure either with or without the use of chemical fertilizers. Growth, grain and haulm yields of green gram were significantly increased by the residual effect of organic manure and micro nutrients applied to the previous crop. Application of organic manure at the rate of 50% RDF + 10t FYM ha-1, recorded highest grain and haulm yields of 952.05 and 2638.85 kg ha-1 respectively. Though residual effect of micro nutrients has significant effect on growth, grain and stover yield of succeeding Green gram, the yield are reduced drastically.&nbsp;</div>

Residual effects of organic manure and micro nutrients on growth and yield parameters of green gram (Vigna radiata)&rdquo; in potato-green gram sequence &nbsp;

Background:&nbsp; A field experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station Nandyal, ANGRAU, during rabi from 2022-23 to 2023-24 to study the residual effect of municipal solid waste compost on yield, economics and soil properties of blackgram. 
 
Methods: The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three main plots and five sub plots replicated thrice. The main-plots comprised of three levels inorganic fertilizer viz., M: 0% RDF, M2: 75% RDF and M3: 100% RDF. The sub plots comprised of different levels of municipal solid waste compost and FYM viz., S1: Control, S2: FYM @ 10 t ha-1, S3: MSWC @ 5 t ha-1, S4: MSWC @10&nbsp; t ha-1&nbsp;and S5: MSWC @ 15 t ha-1. MSWC and FYM treatments were imposed only to kharif maize and the residual effect was studied in rabi blackgram. The inorganic fertilizers like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were applied as per the treatments during both years. 
 
Result: Highest yield and yield attributes were recorded with 100 % RDF (M3) among three NPK levels and MSWC @ 15 t ha-1&nbsp;(S5) in MSWC treatments. After harvest of blackgram the highest available nutrients N, P2O5, K2O values were found in 100% RDF (M3), followed by 75 % RDF (M2). Among different levels municipal solid waste compost, MSWC @ 15 t ha-1&nbsp;(S5) showed the highest values and lowest with the control (S1). DTPA extractable micronutrients viz., Fe, Mn, Zn and heavy metals viz., Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were not influenced by different levels of inorganics and municipal solid waste compost and their combinations. However the DTPA extractable heavy metals were recorded numerically the highest at MSWC @ 15 t ha-1&nbsp;(S5) in blackgram during rabi (2023-2024) in the maize-blackgram cropping sequence. The heavy metals detected at higher doses were also within the permissible limits. Among different doses of municipal solid waste compost, MSWC @ 15 t ha-1&nbsp;(S5)&nbsp; had the highest microbial and enzyme activity, which is statically on par with the application of MSWC @ 10 t ha-1&nbsp;(S4) and the lowest in control (S1) during both the years of the study. In blackgram higher gross returns, net returns, and B:C ratio were recorded in 100% RDF (M3), followed by 75% RDF (M2), and 0% RDF (M1). Among organic sources, MSWC @ 15 t ha-1&nbsp;(S5) was superior which was on par with FYM @ 10 t h ha-1&nbsp;(S2).

Residual Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Compost on Yield and Economics of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

<div style="text-align: justify;">An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of dietary supplementation of ghee residue on growth performance of Japanese quails. Ghee residue (GR) was included in the diet at 0 (T1), 5 (T2), 10 (T3) and 15 (T4) percent levels and fed to 500 Japanese quails, randomly divided into four treatment groups with five replicates each with twenty birds. The experimental diet was isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The estimated TME, CP and EE of GR were 4800kcal/kg, 24.46% and 40.78%, respectively. The highest body weight (213.55g) with best FE (2.62) was observed at 5% GR fed group (T2). Feed consumption and mortality did not differ significantly among various treatments. Slaughter yield was highest at 5% GR fed group. However, the body weight, FE and carcass yield at 5 and 10% GR fed groups remained statistically similar to that of control. Organoleptic study revealed that the meat of 10% GR fed group (T3) was more acceptable compared to others. Breast muscle cholesterol level was highest in GR fed groups (T2 to T4) compared to control (T1). GR Supplementation at all levels resulted in reduction of feed cost with highest reduction at 15% level (Rs.1.46/kg) but reduction in performance was observed at the same level. It was concluded that ghee residue could be included in the broiler quail diet as an energy, protein and fat source up to 10% level.</div>