Background: Energy is the important part of any life, the potential energy present in the tissue in the form of chemical energy. Presence of glycogen as glucose is source of energy for cell division, differentiation, delamination and maturation process as essential process in histogenesis of foetal organ. Glycosaminoglycans, also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long chains of sugar occurs in different proportion in different tissue and their distribution in compartment of ruminant stomach varied in foetus of different CRL. Copmartment of ruminant stomach abomasum , omasum, reticulum and rumen was contributed grossly in varied proportion from initial stage to full term of prenatal stage. In initial stage rumen is largest compartment with advancement of development omasum is largest compartment&nbsp; followed by reticulum and abomasum at full term.&nbsp;As per morphology and histology of varied compartment there could be probability of varied intensity of histochemical reaction in different layer of tissue as per their ebryogenesis.&nbsp;Kosali cattle is registered 36th breed of India. Kosali the native breed of Chhattisgarh, known for its compact body, disease tolerance and well maintained in agricultural waste. More than total 60% Kosali cattle are concentrated in the central plains of the C.G. state. There is paucity of Cited literature, literally no scientific documentation regarding presence and distribution of glycogen and mucopolysaccharides in rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum of prenatal Kosali cattle. In view importance of Kosali cattle concern with livelihood of farmers in Chhattisgarh, varied degree of development of compartment of stomach and paucity of literature regarding intensity of histochemical reaction&nbsp; from initial to final term of prenatal stage present research was undertaken. 
 
Methods: In light of above background in twenty four Kosali foeti were collected and on the basis of CR length categorizedin to four groups with six foeti in each group i.e. Group I (below 20 cm CRL), Group II (Above 20 up to 40 cm CRL), Group III (Above 40 up to 60 cm CRL) and group IV (Above 60 cm CRL) , tissue samples ofrumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum were collected and processed&nbsp; for study of glycogen and mucopolysaccharide by PAS and&nbsp; AB-PAS method respectively. 
 
Result: Apparently in group I PAS&nbsp; activity was either not observed&nbsp; as in reticulum or very mild in rumen, omasum and abomasum and was greater in abomasum. In epithelium, propria submucosa and serosa PAS activity increased slowly mostly from mild to moderate while in glands reaction was intense. However in tunica muscularis of rumen reaction decreased from group III to IV , in omasal tunica muscularis and omasal laminae from group II to IV. In group I PAS activity was higher in pyloric region than cardiac stomach. AB-PAS activity for neutral mucopolysaccharide was&nbsp; observed in epithelium and tunica muscularis of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum in all groups, mixed mild activity for both neutral and acid mucopolysaccharide in propria submucosa in group I and II. In fundic region in group III and IV in glands intense acid mucopolysaccharide reaction was seen in patches in forerunner parietal cells.

Prenatal Histochemical Study of Stomach in Kosali Cattle

Prenatal development of rectal patch was studied in 30 goat fetuses ranging from 1.4 cm CRL (24 days of gestation) to 38.0 cm CRI (Crown ramp length). Rectal patch first appeared in goat foetuses by 60 days of gestational age as a continuous band of small to medium&ndash;sized lymphocytes in the lamina propria of rectum. &nbsp;During fourth month of gestation, the primordia differentiated into large lymphoid nodules which had an oval basal portion and a pyramidal apical portion, which formed a dome-like structure within the intestinal ridges below the surface epithelium and was surrounded by an irregular capsule. During fifth month, an increase in the number and size of the lymphoid nodules and primordial dome region was noticed. The lymphoid nodules were histologically mature with a prominent germinal center, its corona, a wide dome area and an internodular area with few high endothelial venules. The rectal patch was histologically mature at birth with both primary and secondary nodules in it.&nbsp;

Prenatal development of rectal patch in large intestine of goats&nbsp;

Background: Kosali cattle are a native breed from Chhattisgarh, India, primarily raised in rural areas on agricultural residues. However, there is limited information about the prenatal development of their thymus. Therefore, current study was conducted to understand the prenatal morphohistogenesis of thymus in Kosali breed of cattle. 
 
Methods: The present investigation involves 24 Kosali foetuses for the prenatal gross morphometric development of the thymus and categorized on the basis of crown-rump length (CRL) into four groups: Group I (CRL &lt;20 cm), Group II (20-40 cm), Group III&nbsp; (40-60 cm) and Group IV (&gt;60 cm). A midventral cervical incision from the larynx to the thoracic inlet was made to expose the thymus for in situ examination of its topography and morphology. Thymus samples were collected and processed for Hematoxylin and Eosin, Van Gieson&rsquo;s, Verhoeff&rsquo;s and Gomori&rsquo;s staining for histological changes. 
 
Result: In Group I, the thymus had paired cervical parts and one unpaired thoracic part, with the right limb extending to the middle thyroid cartilage and the left to the cricoid cartilage. By Groups II to IV, the left limb shifted laterally. The thymus color changed from cream to pink and while lobes became more distinct, their number decreased and size increased. The capsule thickened and became more vascular. The stroma contained interlobar and interlobular septa that thinned over groups and the number of lobules per field decreased significantly, indicating involution of the thymus and functional adaptations with age. These observations suggest that the thymus undergoes progressive involution with age. The structural and vascular changes seem to reflect the functional adaptations that occur during development. 
&nbsp;

Prenatal Morphohistogenesis of Thymus in Kosali Breed of Cattle: A Developmental Study of Histological Changes during Embryonic Development

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: The sublingual salivary gland being one of the major salivary glands contributes to a substantial amount of saliva secreted into the mouth. Saliva contains water, various enzymes, mucopolysaccharides and lubricating glycoproteins. It has an important role in providing lubrication for eating and vocalization, aid digestion and supply saliva for pH buffering. The study of prenatal development is prerequisite to understand the normal developmental biology of an organ. The documentation of normal foetal growth can serve as a guide for understanding the consequence of harmful influences at various stages of gestation. The present study was aimed at elucidating the histogenesis of sublingual gland of buffalo during prenatal as well as neonatal life. 
 
Methods: The study was carried out on 36 buffalo foetuses, during different stages of prenatal development, as well as 6 neonates. The fetuses were categorized into three groups based on their curved crown rump length (CVRL). The ontogenetic events in histogenesis of sublingual salivary gland of foetal and neonatal buffaloes were observed. 
 
Result: The primordial anlage of monostomatic and polystomatic parts of sublingual gland was observed at 39th day and 53rd day of development respectively. The primary ducts (interlobular) were first observed at 80th day of development. The lobulation of the gland was started at 107th day of development, whereas the capsule formation was initiated by the aggregation of mesenchymal tissue at 121st day of development. The duct system was completed at 121st day of development. At same day, the terminal tubules attained the structure of the acini. The typical compound tubulo-acinar nature was first observed at 122nd day of development. The gland showed predominantly mucous type of cells at 137th day of development. The myoepithelial cells were first appeared at 138th day of development. The monostomatic and polystomatic parts were clearly distinguishable by connective tissue at 170th day of development. In neonates, the gland was of compound tubulo-acinar nature with a well-defined capsule. Localization of acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides was observed in mucous and goblet cells. Fine lipid droplets were observed in intralobular as well as interlobular connective tissue, however, phospholipids were found in the cell membrane of secretory acinar cells and ducts.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Developmental Changes in Sublingual Salivary Gland of Indian Buffalo during Prenatal and Neonatal Life</div>

Background: The study was carried to know the developmental anatomy of larynx and its cartilages of domestic Goats at different stages of early (Group - I), middle (Group - II) and late (Group - III) prenatal life period. 
 
Medhods: Ninty nine (99) larynges from apparently healthy prenatal goats irrespective of their sex, nutritional status and breed were used for the study. The foetuses were divided into early (Group - I), middle (Group - II) and late (Group - III) stages. The anatomical location of larynges was recorded by taking ventral incision on the neck of foetus and were dissected carefully to study the gross anatomical features of the developing larynges. Measurement of larynges as a whole and laryngeal cartilages (Group II and Group III) were measured using digital Vernier calipers. 
 
Result: Primitive laryngeal cartilage formation was grossly appreciated as early as 4.6 cm CRL i.e.,43 days age fetus (group I). However, all the cartilages were appreciable by 48 days of age (6.6 cm CRL) wherein they resembled the shape of adult cartilages except the corniculated process and vocal processes were not demarcated in early stages of foetal life as they were elastic cartilage. By 145 days, (41.8 cm CRL) the larynx and cartilages resembled the anatomical confirmation of adult larynx. Primitive stylo-thyrohyoideus and crico-arytenoideus dorsalis muscle were appreciated in Group I foetal larynx of 43 days of age while the other Intrinsic muscles such as cricoarytenoideus dorsalis and lateralis, thyro-arytnoideus and crico-thyroideus were better developed by 71 days (14.3 cm CRL). Morphometrical studies revealed that the increase in dimension of cartilages was linear with the age. 
&nbsp;

Gross Developmental Studies of Larynx in Prenatal Indian Goat (Capra hirus)

Background: Progestin, a synthetic progesterone analog, is widely used during pregnancy to prevent complications. Considering the cerebellum&rsquo;s critical role in coordinating motor and higher cognitive functions implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), this study examined the consequences of prenatal progestin exposure on cerebellar development and autism-related behaviors in offspring. 
 
Methods: Twenty-four pregnant rats were randomly assigned to treatment (progestin 10 mg/kg BW) or control groups (n=12 each), with injections administered on gestational days 1, 7 and 14. Male offspring (n=10/group, randomly selected from different litters) were evaluated at 10 weeks using validated behavioral assays, including marble burying and nestlet shredding, to assess repetitive traits. Cerebellar tissue was processed for histological examination, oxidative stress profiling and immunohistochemical detection of estrogen receptor &beta; (ER&beta;). 
 
Result: Progestin-exposed offspring exhibited significantly heightened repetitive behaviors. Histological analysis showed marked cerebellar alterations, particularly Purkinje cell degeneration and loss of Nissl bodies. Oxidative stress markers revealed disrupted redox balance, with elevated NADPH oxidase activity and decreased antioxidant enzyme levels. ER&beta; expression was significantly reduced across the cerebellar cortex, especially in Purkinje cells. 
&nbsp;

Prenatal Progestin Exposure Induces Neurodevelopmental Alterations in Offspring Rats

The histoenzymic studies on sublingual salivary gland of 15 buffalo foetuses ranging from 11 cm CVRL (78 days) to 100 cm CVRL (full term) were conducted. The foetuses were categorized into three groups based on their curved crown rump length (CVRL). At 11-19 cm CVRL (78-114 days), a weak activity of phosphatases and oxidoreductases was observed in the acinar cells and ductular epithelium. Between 28-37 cm CVRL (136-157 days), a weak to moderate diffused granular alkaline phosphatase (AKPase) activity was observed in the mucous acini whereas oxidoreductases showed moderate activity. The enzyme activity was progressively increased with advancement of the gestation period. AKPase activity was more in the lumen of acini and along the intercellular canaliculi at 42-100 cm of CVRL (168 days- full term). Large ducts exhibited strong activity for oxidoreductases indicating increased metabolic activity of cells.&nbsp;

Histoenzymic studies on sublingual salivary gland of buffalo&nbsp;during prenatal development 
&nbsp;

<div style="text-align: justify;">A study was conducted to elucidate the topographic location and morphometry of the spleen in 30 Surti goat foetuses at different stages of their development ranging from 44 to 144 days (4.0 to 41.0 cm CRL). On the basis of CR length, the foetuses were divided into three age groups viz., group-I (4.0 to 11.6 cm CRL), group-II (12.2 to 26.8 cm CRL) and group-III (27.2 to 41.0 cm CRL). Special attempt has been made to fit prediction equation (stepwise regression) for estimation of approximate age of Surti goat foetuses by using splenic biometrics. The developing spleen was observed at the age of 44 days (4.0 cm CRL) in abdominal cavity close to the stomach. The shape of spleen was roughly quadrilateral in all age groups. The various spleen measurements viz., length, width, thickness, volume and weight increases in dimensions during different stages of development and all the changes were highly significant (P&lt;0.01). The mean relative weight of spleen was maximum (0.15%) in group-III. Among splenic parameters, the length of spleen was found most important variable; which could be used for estimation of age using stepwise regression (R2 = 0.97) model in Surti goat foetuses.&nbsp;</div>

Prenatal gross morphometrical studies on spleen with special reference to prediction of foetal age in Surti goat (Capra hircus) &nbsp;

Spinal cord is the major nerve tract of vertebrates, extending from the brain through the vertebral canal. Primordium, the neural tube was initially with thick lateral walls having three layers: inner germinal/ependymal layer, middle mantle layer forming the gray matter and outer marginal layer forming white matter. It presented a diamond-shaped lumen with a sulcus limitans, alar, basal, roof and floor plates and limiting membranes. Gray matter of the cord occupies the central region of spinal cord and in amniotes has in cross section, the well-known &lsquo;H&rsquo; or butterfly-like shape. The white matter forms a thick peripheral zone of the cord and is divided by the gray columns into dorsal, lateral and ventral funiculi. There are three coumns for the gray matter, viz. the dorsal, ventral and lateral horns, with ventral ones being wider at the enlargements of the cord. Lateral horn appears only at thoracic, anterior lumbar and middle sacral levels. The layers of gray matter were laminae I to X. Lamina I or marginal zone capped the dorsal horn. Lamina II represented substantia gelatinosa and covered the dorsal horn, beneath marginal zone. Lamina III was an area with loosely arranged larger cells, entering the substantia gelatinosa. Lamina IV was a poorly defined cell column with nucleus proprius. Lamina V was a broad zone extending across the cervix of the dorsal horn; had spinal reticular nucleus and reticular processes. The region showed small to medium-sized cells which were most numerous in the zone between the ventral part of the dorsal horn and the lateral funiculus of white matter. Lamina VI was broad with unclear boundaries, related medially to central canal. It had compact medial and less compact lateral zones. Lamina VII shows the intermediate gray matter, with intermediolateral and intermediomedial nuclei, cervical nucleus of Stilling and Clark&rsquo;s column. Lamina VIII had cells of small and medium size and was not sharply distinguished from lamina VII. Lamina IX had alpha and gamma type of neurons, which were larger at enlargements. Ventral horn had lateral and medial nuclear groups of multipolar neurons. Medial nuclear groups were seen in all regions and lateral groups only at enlargements. Medial nuclear group had dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei; whereas the smaller lateral nuclear group had dorsolateral and ventrolateral nuclei. In addition, the enlargements also had central and retrodorsolateral nuclei. Lamina X was seen around the central canal. Laminae varied in cell size and thickness between regions of the cord. Development of laminae and nuclei of spinal gray in fetuses corresponded to the progressive growth of muscles and skeleton. All the ten laminae were together present in the spinal gray matter by the end of gestation.

Developmental Anatomy of Gray Matter of Spinal Cord in Animals with Special Reference to Prenatal Goat: A Review

<div>Background: Heart is the principal organ of circulatory system that pumps blood into the blood vessels and performs many vital functions. Its development before birth must be studied to safeguard the animal from the occurrence and consequences of various developmental anomalies. The detailed morphometry of different external parameters of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported. 
 
Methods: The foeti of sheep were divided into three age groups viz. early prenatal (up to 50 days), mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days) with fifteen animals in each age group. The various external parameters were recorded by using digital weighing machine, graduated measuring cylinder, digital Vernier&rsquo;s calliper, non-stretchable nylon thread and graduated scale. The data recorded was statistically analysed by one way ANOVA with IBM SPSS 25.0 version software.&nbsp; 
 
Result: It was revealed that the average width of heart at its base was 4.82&plusmn;0.22mm, 10.52&plusmn;0.72mm and 21.57&plusmn;1.03mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. The average dorso-ventral length of left ventricle of heart was measured as 4.82&plusmn;0.14mm, 12.07&plusmn;1.16mm and 25.58&plusmn;0.88mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. The average distance between the left longitudinal groove and cranial border of heart at base was measured as 2.93&plusmn;0.11mm, 6.38&plusmn;0.39mm and 9.78&plusmn;0.41mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. Similarly, the average distance between the right longitudinal groove and cranial border of heart at middle was measured as 1.96&plusmn;0.09mm, 5.01&plusmn;0.34mm and 8.31&plusmn;0.50mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. All these parameters recorded showed significant (p &le; 0.01) differences among the ages.</div>

Prenatal Histochemical Study of Stomach in Kosali Cattle

Prenatal development of rectal patch in large intestine of goats

Prenatal Morphohistogenesis of Thymus in Kosali Breed of Cattle: A Developmental Study of Histological Changes during Embryonic Development

Developmental Changes in Sublingual Salivary Gland of Indian Buffalo during Prenatal and Neonatal Life

Gross Developmental Studies of Larynx in Prenatal Indian Goat (Capra hirus)

Prenatal Progestin Exposure Induces Neurodevelopmental Alterations in Offspring Rats

Histoenzymic studies on sublingual salivary gland of buffalo during prenatal development

Prenatal gross morphometrical studies on spleen with special reference to prediction of foetal age in Surti goat (Capra hircus)

Developmental Anatomy of Gray Matter of Spinal Cord in Animals with Special Reference to Prenatal Goat: A Review

Morphometrical Studies on the Exterior of the Heart of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep