<div>Background: In conventional agriculture, expensive phosphatic fertilizers were applied in huge quantities to reduce phosphorus deficiency in mungbean. Disproportionate application of these chemical fertilizers over long periods has damaged the natural properties of soils by killing soil micro flora and fauna, leading to reduced agricultural production. Sustainable agriculture based on organics and biological fertilizers is an effective solution for overcoming these problems. Therefore, keeping the above information in view, the present study was undertaken to assess the effect of PROM and microbial inoculants on the growth and yield of mungbean. 
 
Methods: In this field-laboratory experiment which was conducted at agronomy farm of Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, during Kharif season of 2019, 12 treatments involving control, PROM, PSB, VAM, Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF) and their respective combinations were included which was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The collected samples were determined for growth and yield attributes in the field and laboratory. 
 
Result: The results showed that combined application of PROM+PSB+VAM+PF reported the maximum values of most of the growth and yield attributing characters i.e. plant height, number of branches/plant, dry matter accumulation, total and effective number of root nodules per plant, fresh and dry weight of nodules per plant, crop growth rate, chlorophyll content, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, test weight, seed, straw and biological yield of mungbean as compared to other combinations and control, but it was at par with PROM+PSB+VAM.</div>

Effect of PROM and Microbial Inoculants on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

<div>Background: A two-year field study was carried out during the Kharif seasons of 2023 and 2024 at the Institutional farm of ANDUAT Kumarganj in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh. The research aimed to assess the effects of seed biopriming and foliar application using biocontrol agents and liquid biofertilizers on the growth and yield of Moong bean. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Seed biopriming typically involves the application of beneficial microorganisms to enhance germination potential. The present investigation was carried out on two varieties of green gram i.e., NDM-1 (Collect from ANDUAT, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, U.P) and Sikha (collect from IIPR, Kanpur, U.P) and seed biopriming with two different biocontrol agents (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viridae) used in different concentration and two different liquid biofertilizers (Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria @20% respectively.) following Randomised block design with three replication. The experiment comprised of sixteen biopriming along with hydropriming and control. Seed had been treated with control (T0), seeds soaked in distil water/hydropriming (T1); PF @ 25% (T2); PF @ 50% (T3); PF @ 75% (T4); TV @ 25% (T5); TV @ 50% (T6); TV @75% (T7); liquid ASP @ 20%(T8); liquid PB @ 20% (T9); T2&nbsp;+ foliar spray of PF @ 2 g/l (T10); T3&nbsp;+&nbsp; foliar spray of PF @ 2 g/l&nbsp; of water (T11); T4 + foliar spray of PF @ 2 g/l of water (T12);&nbsp; T5&nbsp;+ foliar spray of TV @ 2 g/l of water (T13);&nbsp; T6&nbsp;+ foliar spray of TV @ 2 g/l of water (T14); T7&nbsp;+ foliar spray of TV @ 2 g/l of water (T15); T8&nbsp;+ foliar spray of ASP @ 2 g/l of water (T16); T9&nbsp;+ foliar spray of PB @ 2 g/l of water (T17). 
&nbsp; 
Result: Seed bio primed with pseudomonas fluorescens @ 75% (T4) was found very effective in both Kharif&nbsp; season (2023 and 2024), which enhance the Plant height, No. of branches/plant, No. of pods/plant, seed yield and its attributes .The seed yield/plant for this treatment was 4.46 gm and 4.03 gm respectively&nbsp; followed by seed biopriming with pseudomonas fluorescens @50% + foliar application of pseudomonas fluorescens @ 2 g/l&nbsp; of water (T10) on 30 and 45 DAS&nbsp; in both kharif season as compared to non-primed seed 1.73 gm and 1.99 gm respectively.</div>

Effects of Seed Treatment and Foliar Application by using Biological Control Agents and Liquid Organic Fertilizers on Development and Yield on Moong Bean (Vigna radiata L.)

<div style="text-align: justify;">Plantain or unripe banana is a starchy food that contains a high proportion of indigestible compounds, such as resistant starch, non-starch polysaccharides and is gluten free. The objective of this study was to analyze the functional and pasting properties of plantain flour (PF) for preparation of gluten free muffins. Plantain flour had more water absorption (2.62 g/g), oil absorption (1.92 g/g), swelling power(10.75) and better pasting properties as compared to wheat flour (WF). Muffins were prepared from whole plantain flour and compared with wheat flour muffins. Muffins were evaluated for specific volume, color and sensory parameters. PF muffins had more content of Ca (27.18 mg/Kg), Mg (17.21 mg/Kg), K (122.2 mg/Kg), specific volume (2 cc/g), lighter in color and liked more by sensory panel as compared to WF muffins. The possibility of developing gluten free products with PF can expand the product supply for people with celiac disease and contribute to a more diverse diet.</div>

Functional, pasting, nutritional and gluten free muffin making properties of plantain flour

<div>Background: An experimental study was conducted during June-November 2020 at Tungjoy village of Manipur, India, to assess the assemblage pattern, abundance and seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in simultaneously integrated paddy-cum-fish culture (IPFC). 
 
Methods: The experimental IPFC fields were prepared by enhancing width and height of dykes and constructing central refuge pond. Rice saplings were manually transplanted into the prepared fields in June 2020 while the common carp fingerlings were introduced 30 days after rice-transplantation. Both rice and fish were harvested in November 2020. Assemblage pattern, abundance and dynamics of phytoplankton, soil nutrients and water quality were analysed for three seasons (monsoon, post-monsoon and winter) in paddy fields without fish (PF) compared with IPFC fields. Relevant fish growth parameters were analysed on monthly basis.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The study recorded 37 genera of phytoplankton belonging to 25 families and 18 orders falling under class Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae. Bacillariophyceae was the most diverse class. Phytoplankton density ranges from 14.00&plusmn;1.57 &times; 103 to 33.25&plusmn;3.60 &times; 103 &micro;L-1 and 9.05&plusmn;2.27 &times; 103 to 33.06&plusmn;3.45 &times; 103 &micro;L-1 in PF and IPFC, respectively, wherein Chlorophyceae dominated during monsoon and post-monsoon. Phytoplankton in IPFC was lower than PF, indicating effective utilisation by the reared fish. Fish production from IPFC fields was 326 kg ha-1 with 83% survival rate while rice production was enhanced by 7.4% as compared to rice monoculture.</div>

Seasonal Dynamics of Phytoplankton in Integrated Paddy-cum-Fish Culture

Background: Recurrent drought events in the Huaibei Plain of China pose a major constraint to soybean production. The peak drought period in July and September coincides with two critical&nbsp; stages of soybean, branching (B) and pod formation (PF), yet current research still focuses predominantly on the flowering-podding (FP) stage, leaving the physiological and yield response mechanisms to drought stress during these stages poorly understood. This study was designed to investigate the differential responses of soybean to varying intensities of drought stress during critical growth stages. 
 
Methods: A pot experiment was conducted under drought conditions in the Huaibei Plain in 2024, with three limits of soil water content set at both the B and PF stages: light drought (LD, 55%), moderate drought (MD, 45%) and well-watered control (CK, 75%). Morphological, photosynthetic, yield and pod-related traits of soybean under varying drought levels were examined and Pearson correlation analysis was applied to assess their relationships with yield. 
 
Result: The results indicated that, overall, drought stress during the B stage resulted in severe reductions in plant height (PH), root length (RL) and seed moisture content (MC) compared to the PF stage. In contrast, photosynthetic parameters (SPAD value, stomatal conductance (Gs), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and intercellular CO2&nbsp;concentration (Ci), yield, pod-related traits (total seed number (TSN), total pod number (TPN), filled pod number (FPN), empty pod number (EPN) and pod wall weight (PWW), as well as seed oil content (OC), exhibited an opposite trend. Furthermore, the magnitude of change in all aforementioned traits (except for EPN) relative to the CK followed the pattern MD &gt; LD at the same growth stage. Correlation analysis showed that soybean yield was significantly and positively associated with TSN, TPN, FPN and PWW (p&lt;0.05), while exhibiting negative correlations with EPN, Ci and MC. 
&nbsp;

Effects of Drought Stress During Branching and Pod Formation Stages on Morpho-Physiology and Yield in Soybean

Background: The present investigation was carried out on &ldquo;to quantify the storage span of bio primed seed using biocontrol agents and liquid biofertilizers in moong bean (Vigna radiata L.) was conducted at Seed testing laboratory, department of seed science and technology ANDUAT Kumarganj, Ayodhya, U.P. during 2023 and 2024. 
 
Methods: Seed biopriming generally refers to use of salutary microorganisms to influence germination potential. An experiment was carried out on two varieties of green gram i.e., NDM-1 (Collect from ANDUAT, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, U.P) and Sikha (collect from IIPR, Kanpur, U.P) and seed biopriming with two different biocontrol agents (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viridae) used in&nbsp; different concentration&nbsp; and two different liquid biofertilizers (Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria @20% respectively) following complete randomised design with four replication during two season (2023 and 2024) at different storage period i.e., 3, 6 and 9 months. The experiment comprised of seven biopriming along with hydropriming and control. Seed had been treated with control (T0), seeds soaked in distil water/hydropriming (T1); PF @ 25% (T2); PF @ 50% (T3); PF @ 75% (T4); TV @ 25% (T5); TV @ 50% (T6); TV @75% (T7); liquid ASP @ 20% (T8); liquid PB @ 20% (T9). Treated seed were grown with the help of between paper method at seed testing laboratory andUAT Kumarganj Ayodhya U.P. 
 
Result: A study on long term storage of bio primed seed revealed that seeds bio primed with T. viridae 50% for 6 hrs able to store better in cloth bag which registered 88.5% and 87% germination show V1&nbsp;and V2&nbsp;respectively, 91%&nbsp; and 90% seed viability recorded in V1&nbsp;and V2&nbsp;respectively at 9 months of storage. 
&nbsp;

Quantify the Storage Span of Bio Primed Seed using Biocontrol Agents and Liquid Biofertilizers in Moong Bean (Vigna radiata L.)

Background: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Barry is a soil-borne plant pathogen, capable of infecting more than 500 host plants worldwide. It is a major pathogen that plays a crucial role in reducing the yield of economically important crops. Sclerotinia rot also known as Stem rot or white mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a serious disease of chickpea. 
 
Methods: The antagonistic potential of four bioagents i.e. Trichoderma harzianum (Th-BKN), Trichoderma viride (Tv-BKN), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-BKN) and Bacillus subtilis (Bs- BKN) were isolated from chickpea rhizospheric soil. The fungal bioagents were tested for their antagonistic potential against the pathogen in vitro by modified dual culture technique on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. While bacterial antagonists tested for their antagonistic potential against the pathogen in vitro by paper disc inoculation technique on Nutrient Agar (NA) and Pseudomonas Agar Fluorescens (PAF) media. Each treatment was replicated four times, incubated at 23&plusmn;10&deg;C, data on the antagonistic activity of different bioagents were recorded and percent inhibition was calculated for each antagonist. 
 
Result: The fungal antagonists T. harzianum (Th-BKN) resulted in maximum growth inhibition of the pathogen (70.48%) and bacterial antagonists, Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-BKN) (37.56%) was more effective than the Bacillus subtilis (Bs- BKN).

​Efficacy of Bioagents against Sclerotinia Rot of Chickpea Incited by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

<div>Although, Karanj (Pongamia glabra) cake is an important proteinaceous feed resource for livestock but the presence of toxic principles such as karanjin, pongamol and trypsin inhibitors in raw solvent extracted karanj cake restricts its comprehensive use as safe animal feed resources. In the present investigation solvent extracted raw karanj cake was subjected to in vitro studies by incorporation in the concentrate mixture at four graded levels replacing soy bean meal on protein equivalent basis (25, 50, 75 and 100%) in order to understand the rumen fermentation pattern. The inclusion of graded levels of solvent extracted raw karanj cake in the concentrate mixture replacing protein in SBM even at 100% resulted no significant difference in rumen in vitro fermentation pattern in terms of substrate degradation and gas volume produced in 24 h, truly degradable organic matter in rumen (TDOMR; mg/ 200mg), TDOMR%, microbial biomass production (MBP; mg/200mg), efficiency of microbial biomass production (MBP/100mg TDOMR) and partitioning factor (PF).</div>

<div>In vitro fermentation studies of ruminant diets replacing soybean meal with different levels of solvent extracted raw Karanj (Pongamia glabra) cake</div>

<div>Background: Sa-Um, a traditional pork product of Mizoram could be an alternative and easily available source for Lactobacillus starter culture with probiotic properties. 
 
Methods: Traditional pork product (Sa-Um) and pig faecal samples from Mizoram were collected and analysed for number of viable Lactobacillus bacteria by spread plate method. Samples above 106 cfu/ ml were considered for isolation of probiotics. Gram positive and catalase negative presumptive Lactobacillus isolates were confirmed by PCR analysis of 16S-rRNA gene. The Lactobacillus strains were studied for viability at different temperatures, species identification by fermentation of sugars and probiotic properties namely tolerance to acid, bile salt and digestive enzymes, antagonistic activity and antimicrobial sensitivity. 
 
Result: Four Lactobacillus strains, namely L. plantarum SU 2, L. plantarum SU 11 and L. acidophilus SU 38 from Sa-Um and L. plantarum PF 11 from pig faeces were suggested as probiotic bacteria. Lactobacillus plantarum SU 2 was the most potential probiotic candidate based on the studied probiotic properties.</div>

Detection of Lactobacillus in Pork and Traditional Pork Products of Mizoram, India and Evaluation of its Probiotic Characteristics

<div>Background: Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is an annual plant with very rapid growth and a major species in the assortment of leafy vegetables. Plant parasitic nematodes are economically important pests of leafy vegetables in monoculture and intensive organic fertilization. The simultaneous cultivation of several plant species in the same area can overcome the disadvantages of crops from homogeneous crops. The purpose of this work is to determine the quantitative changes in soil nematode communities in the joint cultivation of medicinal and vegetable species.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiments were carried out in a vegetation house. To create mixed crops, the plants the lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cutivar &lsquo;Bohemia&rsquo;, tagetes (Tagetes sp. L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) and arugula (Eruca sativa L. Cav.) were used.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results of the nematological analysis showed a decrease in the number of nematodes when mixed growing of lettuce with arugula, calendula and tagetes. The mixed growing of lettuce and calendula resulted in a significant reduction in nematodes, with a Pf/Pi value of 0.3. As a result of the decrease in the nematode population, there was an increase in lettuce yields when mixed grown with arugula and calendula, compared to when grown alone. The study of plant parasitic nematodes based on comparative evaluation of different combinations of plants shows that combinations of crops can be applied as a control method in integrated plant protection systems.</div>

<div>&nbsp;</div>