<div>Background: Vagal indigestion in cattle is an abdominal disorder resulting from mechanical or functional obstruction of the fore stomach and/or abomasum outflow. Prognosis is usually poor except in late pregnancy indigestion. A Holstein- Friesian cow in late pregnancy was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex with the complaint of hyporexia, papple-shaped abdomen, dyschezia and voidance of pellety or dark scanty and greenish pasty dung for 8 days.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Physical examination revealed papple-shaped abdomen. Rectal examination revealed L-shaped rumen and dilated intestinal loops. Haemato-biochemical analysis revealed neutrophilia, hyperglobulinemia, hypocalcaemia and hypokalemia. Blood gas analysis revealed no alterations. Ultrasonogram revealed normal architecture and motility of abomasum and absence of impaction. 
 
Result: Type II vagal digestion was identified as a cause in association with functional (adynamic) ileus which was due to with hypokalemic alkalosis and hypocalcaemia. The case responded to the treatment with cholinergic drugs, fluid therapy, antibiotics, antiinflammatory drugs and oral electrolytes.</div>

Type II Vagal Indigestion and Adynamic Ileus in a Pregnant Cow with Haemato-biochemical and Blood Gas Analysis

<div>Background: Minerals are essential bioelements that participate in numerous physiological and metabolic processes in animals. Among these, copper (Cu) and molybdenum (Mo) are critical trace elements that regulate enzymatic activity, protein metabolism and respiration. In honey bees (Apis mellifera), copper is a key component of hemocyanin, the respiratory metalloprotein that substitutes for hemoglobin, while molybdenum is involved in the activity of enzymes such as xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase. Both elements are chemically antagonistic, with molybdenum capable of inhibiting copper accumulation in tissues. Understanding the distribution of these micronutrients in different body parts of bees and in their ectoparasite, Varroa destructor, is important for assessing nutrient dynamics between host and parasite and for the overall health of bee colonies. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted in apiaries of the southern Tyumen region from 2020 to 2025. Samples of dead bees and mites (200-300 g) were collected from comparable colonies. Bee bodies were carefully dissected into individual fragments including head, thorax, abdomen, wings and legs. Concentrations of copper and molybdenum in each fragment and in the bodies of Varroa destructor mites were measured using spectral analysis after dry mineralization, following GOST 26929-86 standards. 
 
Result: The concentrations of copper and molybdenum varied significantly among different bee body parts. Molybdenum was highest in bee heads (8.02&plusmn;0.32 mg/kg) and absent in legs and wings, whereas copper was most concentrated in the abdomen (6.26&plusmn;1.37 mg/kg), likely due to the fat body tissue&rsquo;s mineral accumulation properties. In Varroa mites, copper and molybdenum concentrations reflected those in the bee abdomen, consistent with their feeding on the fat body. These findings demonstrate differential accumulation patterns of trace elements in bees and their parasites, highlighting the role of anatomical specialization in micronutrient distribution.</div>

Concentration of Micronutrients, Specifically Copper and Molybdenum, in Different Parts of the Honey Bee Body and Varroa Mite

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Background: Skin is a versatile organ, which is extremely important for protection, perception, water regulation and wound healing. The skin of goat is considered extremely durable used by the tannery Industry to make rugs and carpet binding. 
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Methods: The present study was conducted on the skin of goats of either sex to study the age wise changes in the histomorphology, histochemistry and histoenzymology of dermis. The skin samples were collected from Nagpur Muncipal Corporation Slaughter house immediately after natural death and subsequently processed and stained for histological, histochemical and histoenzymic studies. The total of 220 samples, 20 each from different body regions namely dorsal neck, lateral neck, ventral neck, dorsal thorax, lateral thorax, ventral thorax, dorsal abdomen, lateral abdomen, ventral abdomen, lateral thigh and medial thigh were collected. The animals were divided into two groups, viz. six to twelve month of age (Gr I) and above one year age (Gr II). 
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Result: It was observed that the dermis was composed of collagen, elastic, reticular fibers, cells of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and arrector pili muscles in all body regions in Gr I as well as in Gr II. The dermis was divided into thin superficial papillary layer and a thick deep reticular layer. The dermal papillae were the upward projections of superficial papillary layer between epidermal pegs. In reticular layer, fibroblasts were larger, while in papillary layer, fibroblasts were thin long, compressed and spindle shaped. The collagen fibers were more in number as compared to other fibers in dermis and they were densely arranged in papillary layer and parallel with the skin surface below the epidermis. The elastic fibers were present in between the collagen fibers around the blood vessels and hair follicles. The arteriovenous shunt was found surrounded by capsule of connective tissue consisting of smooth muscle cells. The more number of hair follicles at deep part of papillary layer and few follicles were present in reticular layer. The hair follicle composed of outer root sheath, inner root sheath, cortex and medulla. The depth of primary hair follicle increased with the advancement of age. Moderate PAS positive activity was noted in the papillary layer, while it was weak to moderate in reticular layer. The reticular layer of the dermis showed moderate Sudan black B activity for the presence of lipid than the papillary layer. The mild acid phosphatase activity was seen in the papillary and reticular layer of dermis, while moderate acid phosphatase activity was noticed in the blood vessels. A mild alkaline phosphatase activity was present in dermis in Gr I and Gr II. 
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Conclusion: The present study would form a baseline data on the histomorphology, histochemistry and histoenzymology of skin of goat which would be helpful in future research prospective.
</div>

Histomorphological, Histochemical and Histoenzymic Studies on the Dermis of Skin of Goat (Capra hircus)

<div>Background: Rabbit farming provides a valuable additional source of income in the rural areas of the county. Skin is the largest organ in the body and the hair coat forms the first line of defense against the invading pathogenic organisms as well as the physical environment. So far, no detailed comparative study has been conducted on the skin of various breeds of rabbits. Hence, the present work was undertaken to compare the structure and distribution of hair follicles in different breeds of rabbits commonly reared in Kerala. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted on the skin of six breeds of rabbits namely, Soviet Chinchilla, New Zealand White, Grey Giant, White Giant, Angora and crossbred. In total, 36 animals were used for the study. From each animal, skin samples were collected from eight representative areas of the body viz., dorsal nasal region, pinna, dorsal neck, dorsal thorax, dorsal abdomen, ventral abdomen, perineal and carpal regions. Standard procedures were adopted for histological studies. 
 
Result: All the six breeds of rabbits showed compound hair follicles with primary and secondary follicles with associated sebaceous glands. Arrangement of hair follicles showed differences among the breeds. There was no difference in the histology of hair/hair follicle among the breeds. This work will form a basis for further breed specific research in the area of fur and leather industry and skin penetration studies.</div>

<div>Histology of Hair Follicles in Different Breeds of Rabbits</div>

<div>Background: This clinical study was conducted in thirteen apparently healthy overweight/obese dogs during the period 2018-19. The study involved nutritional interventions such as feeding of high protein and low fat diet and increased physical activity for these dogs, so as to assess effect of these interventions on adiposity markers and subcutaneous fat in obese dogs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The prescribed weight loss diet consisted of high crude protein (%), crude fibre (%) and reduced fat (%) compared to the mean values of pre-weight loss diets. The study was conducted over a span of 12 weeks and various hemato-biochemical parameters, adiposity markers and subcutaneous fat thickness were measured on&nbsp; 0, 30, 60 and 90 days.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: Dogs included in this study showed reduction of an average of 9% of their body weight. Significant (P&lt;0.05) difference was observed in mean values of Body Condition Score at day 60, from day 30 and this difference persisted until day 90, when compared with day 0 of treatment. Serum cholesterol and leptin concentrations were markedly reduced at the end of weight loss period. Decreased thickness of subcutaneous fat by real time ultrasonography was observed from day 0 to day 90 in five anatomical locations i.e. abdomen, mid abdomen, 9 Inter Costal Space, thigh and lumbar.&nbsp;</div>

Clinical Evaluation of Weight Loss Diet on Adiposity Markers and Subcutaneous Fat in Obese Dogs

Fishes &nbsp;infected &nbsp;with &nbsp;Adenoscolex oreini appeared anemic &nbsp; and &nbsp;the &nbsp;abdomen viscera &nbsp;appeared &nbsp;red &nbsp;on &nbsp;opening &nbsp;the &nbsp;abdomen &nbsp;and &nbsp;the &nbsp;abdominal &nbsp;fluid &nbsp;was tinged &nbsp;red. &nbsp;On &nbsp;opening &nbsp;the &nbsp;intestine &nbsp;necrotic &nbsp;debris &nbsp;was &nbsp;present &nbsp;on &nbsp;the surface &nbsp;and numerous parasites were pesent. The histopathological alterations observed in the intestine of fish were (severe degenerative and necrotic changes in the intestinal mucosa as well as edema between submucosa and mucosa). In parasitized Schizothorax niger, hyperplasia of intestinal mucous cells and enhanced mucus secretion were also noticed. Cestode bodies were covered with an adherent mucus blanket. The &nbsp;analysis &nbsp;of &nbsp;the &nbsp;seasonal &nbsp;variation &nbsp;on &nbsp;the &nbsp;histological &nbsp;parameters leads &nbsp;to &nbsp;the &nbsp;conclusion &nbsp;that &nbsp;the distribution or the severity of the lesions observed &nbsp;in &nbsp;the &nbsp;these &nbsp;organs &nbsp;were &nbsp;not &nbsp;related &nbsp;to &nbsp;the &nbsp;seasons. Such &nbsp;information &nbsp;confirms &nbsp;that &nbsp;histopathological alterations &nbsp;are &nbsp;good &nbsp;biomarkers &nbsp;for &nbsp;field &nbsp;assessment, &nbsp;in &nbsp;particular &nbsp;in &nbsp;tropical areas &nbsp;that &nbsp;are &nbsp;naturally &nbsp;subject &nbsp;to &nbsp;a &nbsp;multiplicity &nbsp;of &nbsp;environmental &nbsp;variations. &nbsp;It &nbsp;must &nbsp;be &nbsp;emphasized &nbsp;that &nbsp;histopathology &nbsp;is &nbsp;able &nbsp;to &nbsp;evaluate &nbsp;the early &nbsp;effects &nbsp;and &nbsp;the &nbsp;responses &nbsp;to &nbsp;acute &nbsp;exposure &nbsp;to &nbsp;parasitic &nbsp;infections &nbsp;and chemical &nbsp;stressors.&nbsp;

Seasonal histopathological alterations caused by Adenoscolex oreini in Schizothorax niger of Kashmir valley

<div>Background: Abscessed wounds in cattle represent a significant veterinary concern, often leading considerable economic losses due to decreased productivity, treatment cost, potential culling and even death. This study aims to investigate the incidence rate of Trueperella pyogenes in abscessed wounds of cattle using molecular technique with phylogenetic analysis of study isolates and estimation the relationship of infection to animal risk factors. 
 
Methods: A total of 271 cattle of different ages and sexes admitted to private veterinarian clinics or being visited to their farms in Wasit province (Iraq) were diagnosed clinically with abscessed wounds. Then, samples of abscess swab were collected and examined molecularly by the conventional PCR. Finally, the positive T. pyogenes isolates were sequenced, submitted in the NCBI database and analysed phylogenetically.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Findings of clinical examination revealed a significant increase in abscessed wounds at abdomen but decreased in neck and back when compared to other body regions; head, forelimbs, hindlimbs and pelvis. Targeting of 16S rRNA gene, 7.38% from abscessed wounds of study cattle were positively infected with T. pyogenes. Phylogenetic analysis of the study T. pyogenes isolates revealed its identity to NCBI-BLAST USA T. pyogenes isolate (KX592206.1) at rates of similarity and mutation/changes ranged 98.47-99.86% and 0.0003-0.001%, respectively. Relation to risk factors, incidence and risk of positivity in body parts were elevated significantly in abdomen but decreased in neck and back, head, forelimbs and hindlimbs when compared to pelvis. Concerning age, although insignificant variation in incidence of positivity was seen among age groups of study animals, cattle aged 1-4 years and &gt;4 years were appeared at higher risk of infection than those of &lt;1 year. For sex, also insignificant differences in incidence rate of positivity was detected between females and males; however, females were detected at higher risk of infection than males.</div>

Clinical and Molecular Phylogenetic Detection of Trueperella pyogenes in Abscessed-wounds of Cattle

<div style="text-align: justify;">Ultrasonography has been considered as one of the most valuable diagnostic tools in veterinary medicine. The study standardizes the Doppler ultrasonographic hepato biliary biometric features in six leopards (Panthera pardus). The hepato biliary ultrasonographic examination was performed under general anaesthesia while lateral recumbency using a 3.5 MHz convex array transducer. The hepatobiliary images obtained at area covered the periphery just behind the sternum and last ribs of thorax on left and right side of abdomen. Gall bladder was visualized at a moderate pressure below the level of sternum. The hepato biliary measurements were recorded and it can be concluded that Doppler ultrasonography as valuable technique for measuring hepato biliary biometric features and could be used as reference values for diagnosis of hepato biliary diseases and disorders in leopards.</div>

Doppler ultrasound evaluation of heptobiliary system in leopards (Panthera pardus)

<div>Background: Canine cardiac disorders are one of the most common silent killers encountered in veterinary practice. The diagnosis of these disorders is an important factor to ensure proper medication and pet care. The current study was aimed to evaluate incidence of the canine cardiac disorders in Jabalpur city. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted on 109 dogs presented at VCC, Jabalpur from October 2019 to March 2020 with clinical signs of ascites, obesity, distended abdomen, weight loss, frequent coughing, difficulty in breathing, exercise intolerance, fainting or syncope, lack of energy, swelling of extremities, pale gums and hind limb weakness. All the dogs were subjected to chest X ray, electrocardiography and echocardiography. Following the diagnosis, the dogs suffering with cardiac disorders were included in the study. 
 
Result: Of all the 109 dogs screened, 60 were found to suffering with cardiac disorders. Amongst 60 dogs, arrhythmia was encountered in 42 dogs, followed by left or bi-atrial enlargement in 07 dogs, dilated cardiomyopathy in 06 dogs, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 03 dogs and pericardial effusion in 02 dogs.</div>

Study on Incidence of Canine Cardiac Disorders in Jabalpur City

<div>Background: A Jersey Cross bred heifer (3 years) was presented to Large Animal Obstetrical Unit of Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu with a bilaterally distended abdomen suffering from dystocia. The present work was aimed to study the diagnosis and effect of therapeutic intervention for dropsy of fetal membranes and fetus.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The animal was observed for general examination and subjected to clinical investigation. Vaginal examination revealed patent vaginal passage with dilated cervix. Fetal head could be palpable on further deep vaginal examination. In addition, a uterine tear was also palpable on the lateral side of the birth canal at 5&rsquo; O&rdquo; clock position. 
 
Result: Based on the clinical observations, the case was diagnosed as dystocia due to dropsy of fetal membranes with uterine tear. The animal was restrained and stabilized with 3 L of Inj. Normal saline intravenously. Under paravertebral nerve block cesarean section was performed and a dead male fetus with hydrocephalus was removed. Approximately about 280 L of mixed fetal fluids were drained. Postoperatively the animal was treated for seven days and the animal had uneventful recovery after 2 weeks of suture removal.</div>