Background: One of the pests that can be detrimental to crops in agroecosystems is the land snail, also known as Monacha cartusiana. Molluscicides that are chemical are the first line of defense against land snails; however, because of their toxicity to both land and aquatic life, there has been an increase in interest in the discovery of biological molluscicides that are acceptable and eco-friendly. These molluscicides are a natural and environmentally safe alternative to synthetic poisons. 
 
Methods: The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of animal bile liquid against Monacha cartusiana in vitro. Molluscicides were tested using a dipping approach on snails isolated from agricultural land. PBS was utilized as a control. Furthermore, four different concentrations of extract (12.5, 25, 50 and 100%) were evaluated across different periods, and changes in snail viability were recorded (5, 10, 20 and 40 minutes). A chemical analysis was carried out using GC-MS to determine the presence of numerous expected active chemical components in animal bile fluids. 
 
Result: The results clear that the bile had significant efficacy in killing snails at 100%, 61%, 41% and 20% after 20 hours. The findings suggest that bile contains potent chemicals and is a promising strategy for molluscicide. More research is needed to identify the specific active compounds found in animal bile, as well as their modes of action and application in vivo.

Potential of Animal Bile as Bio-molluscicide against Land Snail Monacha cartusiana

Background: Monacha cartusiana is considered one of the important pests in agriculture and public health sectors. So, its management is critical to global food security. The purpose of this study was to look at the toxicity of Thymus vulgaris (thyme) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) oil&nbsp;by bait and contact technique.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the essential oil&rsquo;s components. the LC50&nbsp;of oils via bait and contact testing were determined in the laboratory experiment. Moreover, the molluscicidal activity following the exposure of snails to LC50&nbsp;were evaluated through using snail soft tissues. 
 
Result: The GC&ndash;MS analysis depicted that Thymol (33.89%) and eugenol (32.82%) was the major constituent present in the oils. both oils have ovicidal activity causing complete inhibition of eggs hatchability. Compared to control, the oils showed perturbations in antioxidant/oxidant biomarker, where reduced glutathione significantly decrease and&nbsp;lipid peroxidation increased. Concerning energy reserves biomarker, total lipid level significantly elevated in oils treated snails, While the total protein significantly decreased, Moreover, metabolic enzyme&nbsp;alkaline phosphatase was markedly augmentation. Both oils at the tested doses caused a significant inhibition in acetyl choline esterase activity and downregulation in 17&beta;-estradiol and testosterone hormones. Also, snail digestive glands and ovotestis showed pathological alterations after essential oil exposure. In field application, thyme, clove and binary mixture caused significant reduction in M. cartusiana population by bait assay. Our findings emphasis thyme and clove oil&rsquo;s potential as an effective biorational molluscicide against pestiferous snails as an alternative to chemocentric management. 
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Evaluation of the Molluscicidal Effects of Thymus vulgaris and Syzygium aromaticum Oils via Contact and Bait Methods on Monacha cartusiana Snails with Special Emphasize on Neurotoxical, Biochemical, Histopathological and Endocrine Disrupting