Background: Salmonella spp. is a pathogenic bacterium that can cause infection in animals and human beings. Drug-resistant Salmonellae make this infection more deadly. In this background, this study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of ESBL / ACBL-producing Salmonella enterica strains, obtained from bovine faecal samples from different districts of West Bengal. 
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Methods: A total of 170 bovine faecal samples were aseptically collected from Purba Barddhaman, Birbhum and North 24 Paraganas in this study. Standard procedures were followed to identify Salmonella enterica isolates followed by their detailed characterization and in-vitro antibiogram. 
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Result: A total of 35 (20.59%) Salmonella spp. isolates were recovered after detailed morphological and biochemical characterization which were also confirmed by PCR. Higher prevalence was recorded in cross-breed jerseys (88.57%) and younger cattle within 2 yrs. of age (24.53%). A total of 18 Salmonella spp. (51.24%) isolates were detected as ESBL and 29 Salmonella spp. (82.86%) isolates were detected as ACBL producers both phenotypically. In molecular characterization, the blaAmpC (91.43%) gene was the highest followed by other genes. No TEM gene was detected in this study. Antibiogram of all the ESBL-producing Salmonella spp., isolates showed high-level resistance (58-92%) to various antibiotics like cefotaxime, doxycycline, ampicillin/cloxacillin, tetracycline, enrofloxacin etc. Antibiotics like azithromycin, chloramphenicol, HL gentamicin etc. were sensitive to these isolates. 
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Detection of ESBL and ACBL-producing Salmonella enterica in Cattle from Different Districts of South Bengal

<div>Background:&nbsp;Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are two important commensals with pathogenic potentiality in animals and birds, causing intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. These are somewhat zoonotic too via different routes. So, the present study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of these two bacteria from cloaca and environment of ducks from different districts of West Bengal, followed by detailed characterization and antibiogram. 
 
Methods: Around 197 duck and environmental samples were collected from different districts of West Bengal. E. coli and K. pneumoniae were isolated from collected samples as per standard methods followed by serotyping of the E. coli isolates. The detection of ESBL/ACBL producing isolates was done both phenotypically and genotypically by detecting the presence of antibiotic-resistant genes. Virulence property and biofilm-producing ability of these isolates were also studied. Antibiogram of the ESBL and biofilm positive isolates were done using common 12 antibiotics by disc diffusion method.&nbsp; &nbsp; 
 
Result: A total of 134(68.02%) Escherichia coli and 33(16.75%) Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were recovered and confirmed by PCR. The prevalence of E. coli and K. pneumoniae in cloacal swabs were less in comparison to the environmental samples (72.09% and 20.93%). Approx. 79.85% E. coli and 72.73% K. pneumoniae isolates were found to be the ESBL/ACBL producers in vitro. E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates possessed all major antibiotic-resistant genes with the blaAmpC (64.18% &amp; 48.48%) being the most prevalent one. Twenty three (17.16%) E. coli isolates were found positive for the virulence genes, of which stx1 (39.13%) was the most common one as detected by multiplex PCR. No virulence gene was found in K. pneumoniae isolates. Ninety one (67.91%) E. coli and 26(78.79%) K. pneumoniae isolates possessed the biofilm-producing genes. All the ESBL and biofilms producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates showed 100% - 95.24% resistance to ampicillin. A high percentage of resistances were also seen against cefotaxime, ticarcillin/ clavulanic acid, ertapenem, ceftazidime, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, which may be due to several reasons. Maximum overall sensitivity was detected against chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and gentamicin.</div>

Detection and Characterization of &beta;​-lactamases and Biofilm-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from Ducks and Duck Environments in West Bengal

Detection of ESBL and ACBL-producing Salmonella enterica in Cattle from Different Districts of South Bengal

Detection and Characterization of β​-lactamases and Biofilm-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from Ducks and Duck Environments in West Bengal

Detection and Characterization of β-lactamases and Biofilm-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from Ducks and Duck Environments in West Bengal